Dealing with small samples disability research: Do not fret, Bayesian analysis is here

Purpose/Objective: Small sample sizes are a common problem in disability research. Here, we show how Bayesian methods can be applied in small sample settings and the advantages that they provide. Method/Design: To illustrate, we provide a Bayesian analysis of employment status (employed vs. unemployed) for those with disability. Specifically, we apply empirically informed priors, based on large-sample (N = 95,593) July 2019 Current Population Survey (CPS) microdata to small subsamples (average n = 26) from July 2021 CPS microdata, defined by six specific difficulties (i.e., hearing, vision, cognitive, ambulatory, independent living, and self-care). We also conduct a sensitivity analysis, to illustrate how various priors (i.e., theory-driven, neutral, noninformative, and skeptical) impact Bayesian results (posterior distributions). Results: Bayesian findings indicate that people with at least one difficulty (especially ambulatory, independent living, and cognitive difficulties) are less likely to be employed than people with no difficulties. Conclusions/Implications: Overall, results suggest that Bayesian analyses allow us to incorporate known information (e.g., previous research and theory) as priors, allowing researchers to learn more from small sample data than when conducting a traditional frequentist analysis.

See the full article at Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology